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デビッド・バーカーの英語と仲直りブログ:スペースアルク
 

2008年12月 8日

Animals

Hi team,

Did you have a nice weekend? I was working both days, but I got a lot done, so that was okay. Last week, we did a really difficult topic, so this week, I want to do something easier. As I mentioned on Friday, I was very surprised to find that my students were not even aware of this point, so maybe it will be new for some of you as well.

Every language has certain rules that seem unnecessarily complicated to people who are trying to learn that language. For example, in Japanese, counting things is really difficult because you have different ways of counting different objects. (一枚、一人、一冊、一つ、一杯、など) In English, counting is really easy because you just put the number before the name of the thing you want to count. When I was learning Japanese, I thought, "What a crazy system! Why don't they just use 'hitotsu' for everything?"

Of course, English has strange rules and systems for some things as well. One of these is words connected with animals. In English, there are usually different words for a group of the animals, the male, the female, and the baby. In Japanese, you just say 群, 雄, 雌, and 子, but in English, these are different for each animal.

The most difficult is probably the 'collective nouns' for different animal groups. For example, we say 'a herd of cows', 'a flock of sheep', 'a swarm of insects', 'a pride of lions', and 'a pack of wolves'. There are so many of these different collective nouns that native speakers usually only know the most common ones. You can find an interesting list of some of them at

http://www.rinkworks.com/words/collective.shtml

The introduction to the list says "One of the craziest oddities of the English language is that there are so many different collective nouns that all mean "group" but which are specific to what particular thing there is a group of: a herd of elephants, a crowd of people, a box of crayons, a pad of paper, etc. There is great diversity of collective nouns associated with animals, from a sleuth of bears to a murder of crows."

Some examples that I didn't know are 'a congress of baboons', 'a sleuth of bears', and 'a clowder of cats'.

The other problem with talking about animals in English is that we have different words for males, females, and babies. For example, a female dog is called a 'bitch' (that is where the swear word 'son-of-a-bitch' comes from), and a baby is called a 'puppy'; a male horse is called a 'stallion', a female is called a 'mare', and a baby horse is called a 'foal'. a male cow is called a 'bull', and a baby is called a 'calf'.

One of the words for a female animal that you might have heard is 'doe', because it is in the first line of the song that children sing to remember the order of musical notes:

Doe, a deer, a female deer,
Ray, a drop of golden sun,
Me, a name, I call myself,
Far, a long long way to run, etc.

I found a list of male, female, and baby words for 100 animals on a Christchurch library site for kids, so have a look if you have time. (By the way, did you know that 'kid' is actually the name for a baby goat?) I noticed that 'doe' is used for a female mouse as well as a female 'deer'. You learn something new every day!

Of course, you do not need to remember all of these words, but just being aware that English has different words for groups of animals as well as for males, females, and babies will help you to guess the meaning when you read these words or hear them being used.

Bye for now,

David

Comments

《アクセス不可なので携帯から。。》

Hi David,

This week's topic is interesting! I knew that you had different words for males, females, and babies in English, but I didn't know that there were so many different collective nouns. When I first read 'a pride of lions', I though ‘ライオンのプライド?’, but you were talking about collective nouns, so I looked in a dictionary. It says that 'pride' has a meaning of ‘ライオンなどの群れ’. I was surprised to find it.

When I learned that you had different words for males, females, and babies in English, I thought, "What a crazy system! Why don't they just use 'cat' or 'baby cat'?"(笑)
Have you heard of the name of the popular kitten character ‘キティちゃん’? In English, 'kitty' means ‘子猫’(a baby cat), doesn't it? I was very surprised when I found it out. Yes, you learn something new every day!

I'll check the list later.

See you soon,

Tomo

PS Yes, I knew that 'kid' was actually the name for a baby goat, and that's one of the reasons that I don't use 'kid' when I talk about my children.

Male, female and baby words. That’s one of those things I can’t seem to remember! They say that a language gets a variety of words to describe certain things when those things are important for its speakers, like the Inuit have a lot of words to describe snow. I guess livestock and wild animals were such essential part of people’s lives in ancient Europe that it was only natural for them to have a different word for each form of animals. Cultural aspects of language like this fascinate me. See? No wander I can’t remember these words ;-)

David,
Congratulations on your new book! I got a copy too. I thought the preface was good. You shared a story from the time you were afraid of using Japanese, which, I’m sure, most of your readers can really relate to. I think your book will help a lot of English learners.

Hi David,

This topic is interesting! I looked through the website. I knew that there are some collective nouns, but there are a lot! I'm relieved to hear your commnet; "you do not need to remember all of these words." ;-)

As Tomo said, I'm also interested in "a pride of lions". "pride"ってライオンにぴったり!と思いました(笑)でも,
意味が「群れ」とは。。。It's beyond my imaginings!
I found "business of ferrets". I'm wondering what this means?

I knew that "kid" is the name for a baby goat. When I did that, I thought why they use the word for children.

Talk to you later,

Maki

Hi David and everyone,

This week's topic is interesting! I know that there are different words for a group of animals , the male,the female and the baby, but it's difficult to remember all! I sometimes come across these names like kitten,pussy(both 子ネコ),lamb and some others when I read "Mother Goose".
I got to know the word"stallion" when I bought a CD "Spirit: Stallion of the Cimarron" by Bryan Adams.

I had a look at the website which David mentioned. I was surprised to know that there are a lot of collective nouns. To be honest, I haven't paid attention to collective nouns associated with animals so much. It's interesting to know how these nouns are used. It's also interesting to know there are a lot of different ways to express 'group' depending on each animal.
"pride of lion!" I didn't know "pride of" means "群れ" as well.

Hi Maki,
business of ferrets調べてみたけどいまいちはっきりした答えが見つかりません。なんでしょうね?

Bye for now,

Anne

Hi David and everyone,

David, I had a look at the list, and I was very surprised to find that there were lots and lots of different collective nouns! As Maki said, I'm glad you said, “you do not need to remember all of these words”. I can not remember them!
About the word 'bitch', I met this word when I was reading ‘Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows’. I thought it was a very bad word, but I didn't know the meaning, so I looked in my dictionary.
I think people in different countries have different images for animals. For example, in Japan, we have a bad image for foxes like ‘ずる賢い’. They often show up in children books as a evil character. I was wondering why 'bitch' was used as a swear word. Do you(English speakers) have a bad image for female dogs?

‘a pride of lions’、おもしろいですよね。 私もライオンにぴったりだな~と思いました!

Speak to you soon,

Tomo

Hi David,

I hardly knew that there are different words for a group of animals, the male, the female and the baby. What crazy rules! It is impossible to remember all! But we have crazy rules as well. As you said, Japanese has different ways of counting different objects. You remembered most of them, didn't you? You are great! As you know, I'm a piano teacher, and in Japanese, when we count quantity of musical notes we must use "拍". When I teach my students it, to begin with, I ask them as follows.
"When you count apples, how do you say?" 「一個、二個…」 "How about fish?" 「一匹、二匹…」 "How about pencils?" 「一本、二本…」 "Yes, we must change way of counting according to the objects, so when you count quantity of musical notes, you must say 一拍、二拍." When I explain this way, most of all my students understand it soon. If I have a student who is a foreigner, I may not be able to teach her/him it well!
By the way, do you know that in Japan, there are some fish which are called different name as it grows? For major example, it is a yellowtail. That names vary from one region to another. In the region where I live, that name changes "コズクラ→フクラギ→ブリ" as it grows. In Japan, the fish such as yellowtail are called "出世魚".
なんだか話がそれちゃいました^^;

Amica

Hi David and everyone,

As the word “bitch”, I didn’t know it meant” female dog or wolf”, but I often (or sometimes)
see someone in the movie saying to a woman’……bitch’. Mostly, they are really in bad relationship, and man gets angry furiously.

By the way, Tomo, I’m not a big fun of Kitty chan, but I have a stuffed Kitty chan. She is lovely, isn’t she?
I read an interesting interview to a designer of Hello Kitty some time before.
Do you know why Hello Kitty doesn’t have a mouth?
According to the article, people who look at her can project their own feelings onto her face, because she has an expressionless face.
Kitty looks happy when you are happy. She looks sad when you are sad.
Another thing which I thought it interesting is that Hello Kitty was born in London because when she was created, many girls in Japan adored Britain.
(キティちゃん豆知識でした^^))

One of the collective nouns among the list I pay attention to is "kettle of hawks”.
I didn’t know other meanings except ‘やかん、ケトル’, but  actually ‘kettle’ had another meaning’ハゲワシ、コンドルなど急上昇する鳥の群れ‘, and I found out lots of articles using this expression, and some of them were related to “Presidential-elect Barack Obama”
David,I’m glad you said we don’t need to remember all of these words, but it ‘s really fun to know that there are lots of expressions and are often used by native speakers.

Hi Amica,
Your story is interesting. we say"ツバス→ハマチ→メジロ→ブリ" in Chyubu district. We have differnt names depending on each reasion, right?
Your explanation about counting is easy to understand, so your students are happy !

Bye for now,
Anne

Hi Anne,

Thanks for the information! I didn't know why Hello Kitty didn't have a mouth.
‘Kitty looks happy when you are happy. She looks sad when you are sad. ’ It's interesting! なるほど、口がないからいろんな表情に見える、というわけですね~。 それに口があったらあんまりかわいくないかもしれませんね(笑)
I also didn't know that Hello Kitty was born in London. I thought it was born in Japan. I'm not a big fan of Kitty chan, either, but my daughter likes it;-)

By the way, “kettle of hawks” もおもしろいですね! ライオンの‘pride’はイメージにぴったり、と思いましたが、どうしてタカはやかんなんでしょう? 湯気が上昇するイメージとか・・? でもきっと今回のトピックは「どうして??」と思ったらダメなんでしょうね(笑)

See you soon,

Tomo

Hi Anne,

I knew why Hello Kitty doesn't have a mouth, but I didn't know that she was born in London! It's interesting that she has her own background. ;-)

"kettle of hawks"も面白いですね!これを調べていたら、"kettle of fish"というのが出てきて、これはcollective nounsではないけれど、"very different"や"very difficult"の意味があるのですね~。
Anyway, it's really fun to know that there are a lot of interesting expressions!

Amica & Anne,
私のところでは、"フクラギ→ハマチ→ブリ"と言ってますよ。
なんだか間が抜けてる?少ない気もするけれど。。。(^^;)

Talk to you later,

Maki

Hi David and everyone,
I was surprised at this topic!
I am embarrassed that I've never heard the 'collective nouns'.
So I'm very glad to learn it here;)

Tomo,
Do you know 'Dora the Explorer'?
There is an evil fox in that cartoon.
I think foxies are easy to act as evil character.

Amica,
People live in Kansai area say "ツバス→ハマチ→ブリ".
It's similar to Anne's.

Some exceptions often makes me confused...
I will study little by little:)

See you later,
mimu

I noticed that I made a mistake.
Some exceptions often makes me confused...
makes→make

Hi Anne, Maki, mimu,
地域によって名前が違うのは面白いですね。
”ハマチ”は聞いたことがあるけれど、”ツバス”という名前は初めて聞きました。

Anne,
キティちゃん豆知識、全て初耳でした♪ 口がないことにも気づいてなかった私です^^;

Hi Everyone,

This week's topic was the one of the things I hate remembering in English. because there is a endless amount of the collective nouns. I also didn't know all of Japanese counting things.

I learnt 'a pony colt' at my English lesson by chance. I didn't know why it used similar meaning twice. なぜponyの後ろにわざわざ雄の子馬とつけるのか?It was a new phrase of mine. 'colt' has a different meaning, so I'm interested in how to use it.

Yes, We called a child to 'kid'. I don't think that it is rude. but it means ガキ?Maybe child is more polite meaning than kid. so I'm using it normal.

Anne,

I was interested in why Hello Kitty didn't have a mouse. but why she was talking? I'm not sure it was true or not. but I thought that she was talking at the Kitty land?

Hi mimu,
I hadn't heard of 'Dora the Explorer', so I had a look on the Internet. It's an American animated television series, isn't it? Foxes play a bad character in America as well, and it means that American people also have a kind of bad image for them. Thanks for the information!

Hi Riko,
As you said, 'kid' is more casual than 'child', and I know most native speakers use that word when they talk about their children in their everyday lives. It's not really a bad word, I guess, but I have heard that an American man who speaks Japanese as well as English saying, “'Kid' means ‘ガキ’, so I don't really like that word. I don't use it when I talk about my children.” This is another reason I don't use that word.
‘キッズ’ってほとんど日本語にもなってるような気がするけど(キッズコーナーとか)、日本だと横文字になると、ちょっとおしゃれな言い方みたいな感じがするけど、実際の英語の意味とは温度差があるような気がするんだよね~。。

I'll post my translation of the entry later.

Have a nice day! See you soon,

Tomo

Hi Team,

Here's my translation.

『週末はどうでしたか? 私は土・日とも仕事だったんだけど、かなりはかどったよ。 先週のトピックは本当に難しかったから、今週は何かもっと簡単なものにしよう。 金曜日に言った通り、私の生徒がこのことに気付いてもいなかったので、とてもビックリしたんだ。 だからもしからしたら、この中にも知らない人がいるかもしれないね。

どの言語にも、学習者を悩ませる必要以上に複雑なルールがあるんだよね。 例えば、日本語で数をかぞえるのは本当に難しい。 対象物によって数え方が変わるからね(一枚、一人、一冊、一つ、一杯など)。 英語では、ただ対象物の名前の前に数を入れるだけだから、数えるのはとても簡単です。 日本語を勉強していた時、「あり得ない! どうして‘一つ’に統一しないんだ?」って思ったよ。

もちろん、英語にもおかしなルールはあります。 その一つは動物に関係していることです。 英語では普通、群れ、雄、雌、子には別の言葉を使います。 日本語ではただ「群れ・雄・雌・子」って言うけど、英語では動物によって違う言葉があるんだ。

一番難しいのは多分、動物の群れに使う「集合名詞」じゃないかな。 例えば、‘a herd of cows’、‘a flock of sheep’、 ‘a swarm of insects’、‘a pride of lions’、‘a pack of wolves’などです。 こういう集合名詞はたくさんあり過ぎて、ネイティヴスピーカーでも普通は一般的なものしか知らないね。 下記のサイトに行くとおもしろいリストが見れるよ。

そのリストの冒頭に、「英語の最も風変わりなところの一つは、動物によって特定の「群れ」を表す集合名詞が非常に多い、というところです。(‘a herd of elephants’、‘a crowd of people’、‘a box of crayons’、‘a pad of paper’など) ‘a sleuth of bears’から‘a murder of crows’まで、実に様々な動物に関連した集合名詞があります。」と書いてあります。

いくつか私も知らなかったものがありました。 ‘a congress of baboons’、‘a sleuth of bears’、‘a clowder of cats’です。

もしかしたら、‘doe’(雌ジカ)は聞いたことがあるかもしれないね。 これは童謡の「ドレミの歌」の歌詞にあるから。
「Doe, a deer, a female deer,
Ray, a drop of golden sun,
Me, a name, I call myself,
Far, a long long way to run, etc.」

クライストチャーチの児童図書のサイトで、100の動物の「雄・雌・子」のリストを見つけたから、時間があったら見てみてね。(ところで、‘kid’って実は「子ヤギ」だって知ってた?) ‘doe’は雌ジカだけじゃなくて、雌のネズミにも使われるんだって。 これで一つ利口になったよ!

もちろん、これらの単語を全部覚える必要はないよ。 ただ、英語には動物の群れや、雄・雌・子に対してそれぞれ違う言葉がある、ということに気付けば、こういう単語に出会った時に、意味を推測するのに役立つと思う。』

By the way, I wrote my review about the new book for Amason yesterday;-)

See you soon,

Tomo

Hi David,

Aichi driving is really dangerous! I'm glad you and the old man were okay. You can get in an accident even if you are very careful, so 気をつけ過ぎって事はないと思うので(特に愛知では!)、ちょっと sensitive くらいでちょうどいいと思います^^

Speak to you soon,

Tomo

PS 愛知では絶対運転したくないです!(笑)

Hi David,

I'm glad to know you and the old man were OK, but how many times did you have such a scary experience?
As one of AICHI DRIVERS, I've never experience .
I wonder what happened to you(just joking!)
Anyway, everyone can be involved with an accident, so be careful when driving, everyone!
*ホントに、何事もなくてすんで、よかったですね^^)

Speak to you soon,

Anne

Hi everyone,
I didn't know that there was great diversity of collective nouns associated with animals.
I learned "単複同型" like fish,deer and sheep when I was in junor high school ,but I can't remember if I learned the collective nouns. Maybe not.
So this was a great chance for me to have a good new knowlegde of English. Thank you,David.

"Aichi Driving" again!?
『注意一秒けが一生』っていいますものね。 Everyone,please be careful when you drive.

knowledge ですね。

Hi Tomo,
I have a question about your comment 'American people'.

When I used 'Japanese people', someone taught me that I didn't need to say 'people' at that time.
Because 'Japanese' includes meaning of people.
I'm not sure it is true, but I want to know about it.

cya later,
mimu

Hi mimu,
Thanks for your question.
もちろん‘American’とか、‘Japanese’にも「アメリカ人・日本人」という意味があるからこれだけでもいい時もあるけど、でも‘人たち’じゃないですよね。 だから、「アメリカの人たち」と複数で言いたいなら、‘Americans’になると思うんです。 でも、Davidも‘Japanese people’とか、‘American people’と言うので、私にはこっちの方がなじみがあるんですよね。 それにこの場合は、‘Japanese’も‘American’も「日本(人)の・アメリカ(人)の」という意味の形容詞だと思います。(The Japanese と‘the’を付けると、国民全体を指すみたいですが、この辺は私もよく分かっていません)

Hi David,
It's so nice to know that both you and the old man were all right. I wonder why you faced such a dangerous situation often lately. Please be careful when driving!

Talk to you later,

Maki

Hi Riko,
Maybe Hello Kitty is happy now, and wants to speak to people.(ということにしておきましょう)
If you are interested in her interview, just type"time magazine 10 questions for Yuko Yamaguchi"on the blank, and then you can read more.

少し訂正;
one of AICHI~→ one of the AICHI~
never experience→never eperienced

Bye for now,

Anne

Hi Tomo,
Thank you for your answer!

I'm glad that I can use 'Japanese people' depends on a case.

When a English teacher taught me that thing, I couldn't ask how bad to use it.
I didn't have enough English skill to ask him:(
At that time I just said 'I see.' X(

Hi David,
I don't know you are lucky or not:)
You had many experiences to see dangerous situations. But everytime you could pass around!
Anyway I'm glad that the old man and you were safe.
I'll keep it in mind and be careful to drive!

Tomo, Riko, Maki & Everyone,
I agree with Riko. I don't think the word "kid" is rude, and it's not equivalent to “ガキ”. I think the word kid has more casual but endearing feel to it.
“kid”という言葉に悪い響きはまったくないと思います。インフォーマルな言葉ではあるけれど、あまりに市民権を得ているのできちんとした場面でも使われるし、Davidがエントリーで使っている使い方を見てもそうでしょ? “子ヤギ”っていうのも、逆に私たち日本人が考えるような「家畜の子」というイメージではないのでは? むかしのヨーロッパ人には身近で大事な財産だったはずだし、人間の子供たちにしてもそれこそ子ヤギといっしょに野原を駆け回っているような場面をイメージします。

Hi everyone,
I don't think that the word "kid" sounds rude,either.
As Riko and Lily said,it's just sounds casual.

I wonder if the kid of "the new kid on the block"(新顔) means a human being or a baby goat?

Hi Qchan,
I didn't know the expression"the new kid on the block". One of the meaning"one the block" is"競にだされて”、so I think the kid means "a baby goat" in this case, I'm not sure ,though.


日本語の、”キッズ”はおしゃれなイメージがあるので英語の”kid"とは、Tomoが言うように感覚的な温度差があると思います。ただし、”Kid"と言う言う言葉、ニュースのインタビュー番組でも聴いたので、Rikoの考えにちかいかな?
Lily,endearing feelーーなるほど!です。しっくり来ます。
言葉の選択は、良いにつけ悪いにつけ、その人の選択、と言う事もありますね。私は、自分の子供に、使っている、と思いました。

Anne

Hi everyone,

Please don't get me wrong. I don't think you are rude if you use 'kid'.
カジュアルに使われているのは知っているけど、でも中にはあんまりいい印象を持っていない人もいるんだなぁと知って、その後に「子ヤギ」という意味があることを知ったので、じゃあ私は使わないでおこう、と思ったのです。 それからもう1つ、昔見た映画、「グーニーズ」で、悪役のおばさんが主人公の子ども達に向かって“Kids.”って言って、字幕は「クソガキ」だったんですよね。 まぁ、これは舌打ちしなが言った一言だったので、そういう訳になったのだと思いますが、これも理由の一つかな。。 たぶん言い方でその印象が変わるんじゃないかな、というのが私の思うところです。

Anne、ニュースで‘kid’が出てくる、というのはちょっとビックリでした。

Hi Everyone,

I'm also one of people who don't have any bad image for "kid". I just wondered why they use the word for children, as I wrote before.

Lily,
I didn't know "endearing feel". As Anne said, しっくりきますね!

By for now,

Maki

Tomo & Everyone,
ふたたび、Kids について。
うん、Tomoの言わんとすることはわかる。でも、そんな言葉ですらない気がするの。そのアメリカ人のひと、「悪いイメージがある」って言ってた? ひょっとしてその人に日本語の「ガキ」がかなり悪い言葉だって意識がなかったのかなぁって思って。ただ、俗語って意味で引き合いに出したのかもって。ほら、お笑いの男の人とかTVで「うちのガキが…」とか言うじゃん。
それと、kidsって簡単な単語だからノンネイティブとしてはつい使っちゃうけど、やっぱりカジュアルな言葉だから、硬い文脈でむやみやたらに使うとちょっとウザい感じがするんだよね。そういうことを注意したかったのかなぁとか思ったりします。

Hi Lily,

その人は母親が日本人、というハーフの人だよ。 日本での生活も長いから、両言語・文化を良く知っている人だと思う。 はっきりとは思い出せないんだけど、「kid はもともと『ガキ』っていう意味だから、子どもをそう呼ぶのはあんまり好きじゃない」みたいなことを言ってたと思う。 ただ、礼儀を重んじる年配の方ではあるね。 前に「最近、May I ~? と言える子どもが少なくなってきた」みたいなことも言ってたから、こんなことを言うと失礼だけど、ちょっと old fashioned なところもあるかもしれない。
確かに私も日本語の『ガキ』と『kid』では開きがあると思ってる。 日本語の『ガキ』の方がもっとずっと乱暴な感じがするし。 私が持ってた‘kid’のイメージは、普段使いだけど、書き言葉には向かないくらいのカジュアルさがある、だったんだけど、ニュースにも出てくるっていう話も聞いたから、これについてはちょっとイメージを修正しないとかな。。
あとは、これは個人的なイメージで、英語圏の人が持つ動物のイメージはよく知らないんだけど、私はどうしても『ヤギ』をかわいいとは思えないんだよね(赤ちゃんヤギは多少はかわいいとは思うけど)。 これが 'kid' じゃなくて、'puppy' とかだったら、私もかわいいと思って使えたかも知れないなぁ、と思う(笑)

Hi everyone,

I think the word ‘kids’ is generally used as a synonym for children, as Lily-san and Maki-san mentioned. Even the White House (President George W. Bush) has a homepage for ‘Kids’. www.whitehouse.gov/kids/ Just FYI(^_^)v

Hi everyone,

ちょっと話が違うかもしれないけど、私は色んな先生に英会話を習ったことがあって、あるとき私がI wanna ~って言葉を使ったらその言葉はぺらぺら英語が使えるようになってから使った方がいいからやめるようにいわれました。
その後違う先生に習ったときにいつもI want to ~って言っていたら、たまにはI wanna ~を使ってもっと親しみのある会話してみたら?って言われました。
それで以前使わないほうがいいといわれたと説明したら、その先生はおかしいって言ってました。

多分同じ英語圏の人たちでも見解が色々違うんでしょうね。
なのでKidもそういう誤解が生じたのかなと思います。

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